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You are viewing information about the following Industries:

Airlines
Airlines industry entities provide air transportation globally to passengers for both leisure and business purposes. This includes commercial full-service, low-cost and regional airlines. Full-service carriers typically use a hub-and-spoke model to design their routes within countries and internationally. Low-cost carriers usually offer a smaller number of routes as well as no-frills service to their customers. Regional carriers typically operate under contract to full-service carriers, expanding the network of the larger carriers. Many airline entities also have a cargo segment in their operations to generate additional revenue. Entities in the industry commonly form partnerships or join alliances to increase network size. Operating as an alliance allows airlines to offer customers access to international or otherwise underserved itineraries on more than one airline under one ticket. At the same time, airlines share some overhead costs and increase their competitive position in the global market without having to operate outside their home country.
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Leisure Facilities
Entities in the Leisure Facilities industry operate entertainment, travel, and recreation facilities and services. Entities in this industry operate amusement parks, film theatres, ski resorts, sports stadiums, and athletic clubs and other venues. Leisure facilities entities mainly generate revenue by providing live, digital or interactive entertainment to millions of guests and customers annually in various locations.
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Relevant Issues for both Industries (7 of 26)

Why are some issues greyed out?

The SASB Standards vary by industry based on the different sustainability-related risks and opportunities within an industry. The issues in grey were not identified during the standard-setting process as the most likely to be useful to investors, so they are not included in the Standard. Over time, as the ISSB continues to receive market feedback, some issues may be added or removed from the Standard. Each company determines which sustainability-related risks and opportunities are relevant to its business. The Standard is designed for the typical company in an industry, but individual companies may choose to report on different sustainability-related risks and opportunities based on their unique business model.

Environment
- GHG Emissions
  The category addresses direct (Scope 1) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that a company generates through its operations. This includes GHG emissions from stationary (e.g., factories, power plants) and mobile sources (e.g., trucks, delivery vehicles, planes), whether a result of combustion of fuel or non-combusted direct releases during activities such as natural resource extraction, power generation, land use, or biogenic processes. The category further includes management of regulatory risks, environmental compliance, and reputational risks and opportunities, as they related to direct GHG emissions. The seven GHGs covered under the Kyoto Protocol are included within the category—carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
- Air Quality
- Energy Management
  The category addresses environmental impacts associated with energy consumption. It addresses the company’s management of energy in manufacturing and/or for provision of products and services derived from utility providers (grid energy) not owned or controlled by the company. More specifically, it includes management of energy efficiency and intensity, energy mix, as well as grid reliance. Upstream (e.g., suppliers) and downstream (e.g., product use) energy use is not included in the scope.
- Water & Wastewater Management
- Waste & Hazardous Materials Management
- Ecological Impacts
Social Capital
- Human Rights & Community Relations
- Customer Privacy
- Data Security
- Access & Affordability
- Product Quality & Safety
  The category addresses issues involving unintended characteristics of products sold or services provided that may create health or safety risks to end-users. It addresses a company’s ability to offer manufactured products and/or services that meet customer expectations with respect to their health and safety characteristics. It includes, but is not limited to, issues involving liability, management of recalls and market withdrawals, product testing, and chemicals/content/ingredient management in products.
- Customer Welfare
- Selling Practices & Product Labeling
Human Capital
- Labour Practices
  The category addresses the company’s ability to uphold commonly accepted labour standards in the workplace, including compliance with labour laws and internationally accepted norms and standards. This includes, but is not limited to, ensuring basic human rights related to child labour, forced or bonded labour, exploitative labour, fair wages and overtime pay, and other basic workers’ rights. It also includes minimum wage policies and provision of benefits, which may influence how a workforce is attracted, retained, and motivated. The category further addresses a company’s relationship with organized labour and freedom of association.
- Employee Health & Safety
  The category addresses a company’s ability to create and maintain a safe and healthy workplace environment that is free of injuries, fatalities, and illness (both chronic and acute). It is traditionally accomplished through implementing safety management plans, developing training requirements for employees and contractors, and conducting regular audits of their own practices as well as those of their subcontractors. The category further captures how companies ensure physical and mental health of workforce through technology, training, corporate culture, regulatory compliance, monitoring and testing, and personal protective equipment.
- Employee Engagement, Diversity & Inclusion
Business Model and Innovation
- Product Design & Lifecycle Management
- Business Model Resilience
- Supply Chain Management
- Materials Sourcing & Efficiency
- Physical Impacts of Climate Change
Leadership and Governance
- Business Ethics
- Competitive Behaviour
  The category covers social issues associated with existence of monopolies, which may include, but are not limited to, excessive prices, poor quality of service, and inefficiencies. It addresses a company’s management of legal and social expectation around monopolistic and anti-competitive practices, including issues related to bargaining power, collusion, price fixing or manipulation, and protection of patents and intellectual property (IP).
- Management of the Legal & Regulatory Environment
- Critical Incident Risk Management
  The category addresses the company’s use of management systems and scenario planning to identify, understand, and prevent or minimize the occurrence of low-probability, high-impact accidents and emergencies with significant potential environmental and social externalities. It relates to the culture of safety at a company, its relevant safety management systems and technological controls, the potential human, environmental, and social implications of such events occurring, and the long-term effects to an organization, its workers, and society should these events occur.
- Systemic Risk Management

Disclosure Topics

What is the relationship between General Issue Category and Disclosure Topics?

The General Issue Category is an industry-agnostic version of the Disclosure Topics that appear in each SASB Standard. Disclosure topics represent the industry-specific impacts of General Issue Categories. The industry-specific Disclosure Topics ensure each SASB Standard is tailored to the industry, while the General Issue Categories enable comparability across industries. For example, Health & Nutrition is a disclosure topic in the Non-Alcoholic Beverages industry, representing an industry-specific measure of the general issue of Customer Welfare. The issue of Customer Welfare, however, manifests as the Counterfeit Drugs disclosure topic in the Biotechnology & Pharmaceuticals industry.

Airlines Remove
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- GHG Emissions
  The category addresses direct (Scope 1) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that a company generates through its operations. This includes GHG emissions from stationary (e.g., factories, power plants) and mobile sources (e.g., trucks, delivery vehicles, planes), whether a result of combustion of fuel or non-combusted direct releases during activities such as natural resource extraction, power generation, land use, or biogenic processes. The category further includes management of regulatory risks, environmental compliance, and reputational risks and opportunities, as they related to direct GHG emissions. The seven GHGs covered under the Kyoto Protocol are included within the category—carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
  - Greenhouse Gas Emissions
    As a result of a heavy reliance on hydrocarbon fuels, the Airlines industry generates significant emissions, more than 99% of which are in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, the industry is subject to compliance costs and risks associated with climate change mitigation policies. The main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for airlines entities are aircraft fuel use and emissions, ground equipment and facility electricity. Aircraft fuel consumption is the largest contributor to total emissions from the industry, and fuel management is a critical part of reducing emissions. Management of fuel-related environmental impacts includes increasing fuel efficiency through fleet upgrades, retrofits, and flight speed and route design optimisation, as well as using alternative and sustainable fuels. These initiatives require capital expenditures, but in the long term, they may reduce fuel costs and decrease exposure to GHG emissions programmes and regulatory risk.
- Energy Management
  The category addresses environmental impacts associated with energy consumption. It addresses the company’s management of energy in manufacturing and/or for provision of products and services derived from utility providers (grid energy) not owned or controlled by the company. More specifically, it includes management of energy efficiency and intensity, energy mix, as well as grid reliance. Upstream (e.g., suppliers) and downstream (e.g., product use) energy use is not included in the scope.
  
  None
- Product Quality & Safety
  The category addresses issues involving unintended characteristics of products sold or services provided that may create health or safety risks to end-users. It addresses a company’s ability to offer manufactured products and/or services that meet customer expectations with respect to their health and safety characteristics. It includes, but is not limited to, issues involving liability, management of recalls and market withdrawals, product testing, and chemicals/content/ingredient management in products.
  
  None
- Labour Practices
  The category addresses the company’s ability to uphold commonly accepted labour standards in the workplace, including compliance with labour laws and internationally accepted norms and standards. This includes, but is not limited to, ensuring basic human rights related to child labour, forced or bonded labour, exploitative labour, fair wages and overtime pay, and other basic workers’ rights. It also includes minimum wage policies and provision of benefits, which may influence how a workforce is attracted, retained, and motivated. The category further addresses a company’s relationship with organized labour and freedom of association.
  - Labour Practices
    Collective agreements cover many workers in the Airlines industry and guide fair wage discussions, safe working conditions and freedom of association, which are among basic worker rights. The organising of essential personnel and increased wages or benefits may result in higher labour costs. At the same time, labour practices may affect long-term business profitability. Effective management of, and communication associated with, issues such as worker pay and working conditions may prevent conflicts with workers that could result in extended periods of strikes, which may slow or suspend operations and damage an entity’s reputation, potentially reducing revenue and market share.
- Employee Health & Safety
  The category addresses a company’s ability to create and maintain a safe and healthy workplace environment that is free of injuries, fatalities, and illness (both chronic and acute). It is traditionally accomplished through implementing safety management plans, developing training requirements for employees and contractors, and conducting regular audits of their own practices as well as those of their subcontractors. The category further captures how companies ensure physical and mental health of workforce through technology, training, corporate culture, regulatory compliance, monitoring and testing, and personal protective equipment.
  
  None
- Competitive Behaviour
  The category covers social issues associated with existence of monopolies, which may include, but are not limited to, excessive prices, poor quality of service, and inefficiencies. It addresses a company’s management of legal and social expectation around monopolistic and anti-competitive practices, including issues related to bargaining power, collusion, price fixing or manipulation, and protection of patents and intellectual property (IP).
  - Competitive Behaviour
    The Airlines industry is characterised by competitive margins because of high fixed capital and labour costs and competition with government-subsidised carriers in some markets. Airlines often seek cost savings using economies of scale with alliances or consolidation, which may result in market concentration. The industry also has high barriers to entry because of limited landing rights and increasing airport congestion. Together, these characteristics may encourage entities to engage in anti-competitive practices that increase consumer prices. As a result, antitrust authorities have scrutinised some airline industry practices such as airport slot management, predatory pricing, and alliances and mergers. Legal fees, reputational risk, delayed merger or acquisition transaction costs, and limits to growth through acquisition or merger may create material risks for investors.
- Critical Incident Risk Management
  The category addresses the company’s use of management systems and scenario planning to identify, understand, and prevent or minimize the occurrence of low-probability, high-impact accidents and emergencies with significant potential environmental and social externalities. It relates to the culture of safety at a company, its relevant safety management systems and technological controls, the potential human, environmental, and social implications of such events occurring, and the long-term effects to an organization, its workers, and society should these events occur.
  - Accident & Safety Management
    Air travel accidents may result in significant consequences. Passenger safety is paramount in the Airlines industry. Although air travel is one of the safest transport modes, airlines are held to very high safety standards, and consumers expect accident-free operations. Furthermore, since products transported by air tend to be high-value or perishable goods, delivering them safely and in a timely manner is a priority for any carrier. Airline accidents may result in significant environmental and social externalities and require entities to pay for remediation and victim compensation. Safety incidents or violations of safety regulations may affect an entity’s reputation, increasing its risk and cost of capital, resulting in reduced consumer demand and revenues. Even if they occur rarely, larger accidents may result in significant, long-term effects on brand value and revenue growth. Providing adequate employee safety training and ensuring the health and well-being of crew members is critical to ensuring safety. Timely and competent aircraft maintenance may minimise the chances of technical failure and regulatory penalties for non-compliance.
Leisure Facilities Remove
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- GHG Emissions
  The category addresses direct (Scope 1) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that a company generates through its operations. This includes GHG emissions from stationary (e.g., factories, power plants) and mobile sources (e.g., trucks, delivery vehicles, planes), whether a result of combustion of fuel or non-combusted direct releases during activities such as natural resource extraction, power generation, land use, or biogenic processes. The category further includes management of regulatory risks, environmental compliance, and reputational risks and opportunities, as they related to direct GHG emissions. The seven GHGs covered under the Kyoto Protocol are included within the category—carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
  
  None
- Energy Management
  The category addresses environmental impacts associated with energy consumption. It addresses the company’s management of energy in manufacturing and/or for provision of products and services derived from utility providers (grid energy) not owned or controlled by the company. More specifically, it includes management of energy efficiency and intensity, energy mix, as well as grid reliance. Upstream (e.g., suppliers) and downstream (e.g., product use) energy use is not included in the scope.
  - Energy Management
    Leisure facilities entities operate large outdoor and indoor facilities that may consume a significant amount of energy. Most of the industry’s electricity is purchased commercially, which indirectly results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a significant contributor to climate change. Entities in the industry are implementing energy management best practices to reduce operating expenses and environmental impacts and to improve their brand value with guests, who increasingly are concerned about environmental sustainability.
- Product Quality & Safety
  The category addresses issues involving unintended characteristics of products sold or services provided that may create health or safety risks to end-users. It addresses a company’s ability to offer manufactured products and/or services that meet customer expectations with respect to their health and safety characteristics. It includes, but is not limited to, issues involving liability, management of recalls and market withdrawals, product testing, and chemicals/content/ingredient management in products.
  - Customer Safety
    Leisure facility entities operate parks and facilities that expose guests to potentially unsafe conditions that may result in injury and even death. Safety management therefore includes managing amusement park ride and ski slope safety as well as operating buildings where large crowds of people may be present, such as sporting and concert venues. The industry is subject to mainly low-probability but high-magnitude safety concerns. Ensuring the highest safety standards may minimise reputational damage to brand value and liabilities from costly lawsuits.
- Labour Practices
  The category addresses the company’s ability to uphold commonly accepted labour standards in the workplace, including compliance with labour laws and internationally accepted norms and standards. This includes, but is not limited to, ensuring basic human rights related to child labour, forced or bonded labour, exploitative labour, fair wages and overtime pay, and other basic workers’ rights. It also includes minimum wage policies and provision of benefits, which may influence how a workforce is attracted, retained, and motivated. The category further addresses a company’s relationship with organized labour and freedom of association.
  
  None
- Employee Health & Safety
  The category addresses a company’s ability to create and maintain a safe and healthy workplace environment that is free of injuries, fatalities, and illness (both chronic and acute). It is traditionally accomplished through implementing safety management plans, developing training requirements for employees and contractors, and conducting regular audits of their own practices as well as those of their subcontractors. The category further captures how companies ensure physical and mental health of workforce through technology, training, corporate culture, regulatory compliance, monitoring and testing, and personal protective equipment.
  - Workforce Health & Safety
    Safety concerns in the Leisure Facilities industry may expose employees to injuries if facilities and equipment are not maintained, or if precautions and training procedures are ineffective. Amusement park rides, ski slopes and other facilities may expose employees to potentially unsafe conditions that result in injury or even death. Potential financial consequences associated with employee safety violations include regulatory fines, abatement costs and negative effects on brand reputation. These effects may stem from accidents as well as from chronic safety issues.
- Competitive Behaviour
  The category covers social issues associated with existence of monopolies, which may include, but are not limited to, excessive prices, poor quality of service, and inefficiencies. It addresses a company’s management of legal and social expectation around monopolistic and anti-competitive practices, including issues related to bargaining power, collusion, price fixing or manipulation, and protection of patents and intellectual property (IP).
  
  None
- Critical Incident Risk Management
  The category addresses the company’s use of management systems and scenario planning to identify, understand, and prevent or minimize the occurrence of low-probability, high-impact accidents and emergencies with significant potential environmental and social externalities. It relates to the culture of safety at a company, its relevant safety management systems and technological controls, the potential human, environmental, and social implications of such events occurring, and the long-term effects to an organization, its workers, and society should these events occur.
  
  None

General Issue Category

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GHG Emissions

Greenhouse Gas Emissions
As a result of a heavy reliance on hydrocarbon fuels, the Airlines industry generates significant emissions, more than 99% of which are in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, the industry is subject to compliance costs and risks associated with climate change mitigation policies. The main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for airlines entities are aircraft fuel use and emissions, ground equipment and facility electricity. Aircraft fuel consumption is the largest contributor to total emissions from the industry, and fuel management is a critical part of reducing emissions. Management of fuel-related environmental impacts includes increasing fuel efficiency through fleet upgrades, retrofits, and flight speed and route design optimisation, as well as using alternative and sustainable fuels. These initiatives require capital expenditures, but in the long term, they may reduce fuel costs and decrease exposure to GHG emissions programmes and regulatory risk.

Energy Management

Energy Management
Leisure facilities entities operate large outdoor and indoor facilities that may consume a significant amount of energy. Most of the industry’s electricity is purchased commercially, which indirectly results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a significant contributor to climate change. Entities in the industry are implementing energy management best practices to reduce operating expenses and environmental impacts and to improve their brand value with guests, who increasingly are concerned about environmental sustainability.

Product Quality & Safety

Customer Safety
Leisure facility entities operate parks and facilities that expose guests to potentially unsafe conditions that may result in injury and even death. Safety management therefore includes managing amusement park ride and ski slope safety as well as operating buildings where large crowds of people may be present, such as sporting and concert venues. The industry is subject to mainly low-probability but high-magnitude safety concerns. Ensuring the highest safety standards may minimise reputational damage to brand value and liabilities from costly lawsuits.

Labour Practices

Labour Practices
Collective agreements cover many workers in the Airlines industry and guide fair wage discussions, safe working conditions and freedom of association, which are among basic worker rights. The organising of essential personnel and increased wages or benefits may result in higher labour costs. At the same time, labour practices may affect long-term business profitability. Effective management of, and communication associated with, issues such as worker pay and working conditions may prevent conflicts with workers that could result in extended periods of strikes, which may slow or suspend operations and damage an entity’s reputation, potentially reducing revenue and market share.

Employee Health & Safety

Workforce Health & Safety
Safety concerns in the Leisure Facilities industry may expose employees to injuries if facilities and equipment are not maintained, or if precautions and training procedures are ineffective. Amusement park rides, ski slopes and other facilities may expose employees to potentially unsafe conditions that result in injury or even death. Potential financial consequences associated with employee safety violations include regulatory fines, abatement costs and negative effects on brand reputation. These effects may stem from accidents as well as from chronic safety issues.

Competitive Behaviour

Competitive Behaviour
The Airlines industry is characterised by competitive margins because of high fixed capital and labour costs and competition with government-subsidised carriers in some markets. Airlines often seek cost savings using economies of scale with alliances or consolidation, which may result in market concentration. The industry also has high barriers to entry because of limited landing rights and increasing airport congestion. Together, these characteristics may encourage entities to engage in anti-competitive practices that increase consumer prices. As a result, antitrust authorities have scrutinised some airline industry practices such as airport slot management, predatory pricing, and alliances and mergers. Legal fees, reputational risk, delayed merger or acquisition transaction costs, and limits to growth through acquisition or merger may create material risks for investors.

Critical Incident Risk Management

Accident & Safety Management
Air travel accidents may result in significant consequences. Passenger safety is paramount in the Airlines industry. Although air travel is one of the safest transport modes, airlines are held to very high safety standards, and consumers expect accident-free operations. Furthermore, since products transported by air tend to be high-value or perishable goods, delivering them safely and in a timely manner is a priority for any carrier. Airline accidents may result in significant environmental and social externalities and require entities to pay for remediation and victim compensation. Safety incidents or violations of safety regulations may affect an entity’s reputation, increasing its risk and cost of capital, resulting in reduced consumer demand and revenues. Even if they occur rarely, larger accidents may result in significant, long-term effects on brand value and revenue growth. Providing adequate employee safety training and ensuring the health and well-being of crew members is critical to ensuring safety. Timely and competent aircraft maintenance may minimise the chances of technical failure and regulatory penalties for non-compliance.

Relevant Issues for both Industries (7 of 26)

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